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mihi

在开发过程中不可避免涉及到与系统动态链接库的交互，在python如果需要实现调用系统动态链接库函数，必须使用ctypes模块。ctypes使用相对简单。
首先是dll的加载，windows下使用windll.LoadLibrary（）函数。
第二是方法的调用，也很简单，可以直接 "对象.原方法名（）”就可以了。如：

<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.carddll = windll.LoadLibrary(&quot;dcrf32.dll&quot;)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.icdev = self.carddll.dc_init(100,0)<br />

这里的dc_init()就是原来dll里的方法。
第三数据类型的转换，这是最复杂的，可以分为4种情况。
1.简单型（数值、字符、布尔）可以直接传递，不需要变化，比如上面的100,0 及其返回值icdev。
2.简单类型的指针。也较简单。分别有两种实现方法。
i.通过byref(参数)
ii.通过Pointer方法来构造一个指针变量如

<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tempid = c_ulong(0)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ptempid = pointer(tempid)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; st2 = self.carddll.dc_card(self.icdev, ModeALL, ptempid)<br />

<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tempid = c_ulong(0)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; st2 = self.carddll.dc_card(self.icdev, ModeALL, byref(tempid))<br />

以上两段代码等价
3.字符串，在dll中往往是char *类型。这里又分为两种情况.
i.如果传递方向是in很简单，直接把python中的字符串传入就可以了。
ii.如果是传递方向是out较复杂，需要构造一个字符串buffer,如：

<br />readdata1 = create_string_buffer(16)<br />st3 = self.carddll.dc_read(self.icdev, Block8, readdata1)<br />readdata = readdata1.value[0:12]<br />

其中 readdata1就是读出的字符缓冲区，readdata是python字符串
4.结构体，较复杂需要用ctypes重性定义特殊格式的类。（本次开发没有涉及，就不深入了）
以下是完整的代码，通过threading.Thread类来实现多线程，通过多线程完成对射频的读取：

<br />from&nbsp; ctypes import *<br />class DevWork(threading.Thread):<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &quot;多线程实现读卡&quot;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def __init__(self,window):<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; threading.Thread.__init__(self)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.window = window<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self._terminate=False<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; #self.__suspend_lock = threading.Lock()<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def terminate(self):<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self._terminate = True<br />&nbsp; <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def OpenDev(self):<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.carddll = windll.LoadLibrary(&quot;dcrf32.dll&quot;)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.icdev = self.carddll.dc_init(100,0)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if self.icdev &lt;= 0 :<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return -1<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; st = self.carddll.dc_load_key_hex(self.icdev,KEYSET0,Sec2,passwordA)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if st != 0 :<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.carddll.dc_exit(self.icdev)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return -2<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return 1<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def run(self):<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;  <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tempid = c_ulong(0)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ptempid = pointer(tempid)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; readdata1 = create_string_buffer(16)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; olddata = &quot;a&quot; * 12<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; while True:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; time.sleep(3)&nbsp;  <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if self._terminate:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; break<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; st2 = self.carddll.dc_card(self.icdev, ModeALL, ptempid)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; st2 = self.carddll.dc_authentication(self.icdev, KEYSET0, Sec2)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; st3 = self.carddll.dc_read(self.icdev, Block8, readdata1)<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; readdata = readdata1.value[0:12]<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if olddata == readdata:&nbsp;  #同一张卡，不再操作<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; continue<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; else:<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.window.Input(readdata)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; time.sleep(1)<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; olddata = readdata<br /><br />

其中terminate()用来实现结束线程
OpenDev()用来打开设备
run()里边有个大循环，用来实现连续读取卡片内容。

mihi

对应Mifire One(就是最标准的射频IC卡)的读写部分，我删去了。因为这部分是个性的，没有普遍意义，如果有特殊需要的话，我可以提供完整的代码，进行交流。

mihi

GUI（图形用户接口）在程序开发中起举足轻重的作用。从某种角度来说MVC也是一个GUI类库，再加上GTK和QT可以并称三大GUI类库。期中前者主要用于windows平台，后两者用在Linux平台较多。GTK是Gnome的底层类库，而QT是KDE的底层类库。相对而言QT比GTK名气更大，但是GTK比QT更加开放。因此本人Python下第一次用户界面程序开发就使用GTK下的PyGTK。

PyGTK顾名思义是Python下对GTK的封装。GTK下也有窗体Form和控件的概念。只是控件被称之为widget。窗体和widget都是GObejct是子类。Gobject是GTK的一个基类，在GObject中可以自定义事件和属性。（内容相对复杂就不展开了）

对应于简单的GTK窗口开发的步骤大概可以分为三步。
1widget设计布局。并加载widget。
2事件方法关联。并实现方法。
3显示窗口，注意GTK主循环.

首先是widget的布局。GTK除了动态控制控件位置之外，还支持一种Glade布局。本质上是把控件的位置及其其他属性信息写在XML文件中。（这里称为glade，同时glade也是一个可视化配置软件。用来设计时给widget布局，但是不好用。）然后在类初始化的时候，把glade文件加载，并找到（通过Id名称）我们需要的widget。然后再把window显示出来，就实现窗口布局。

第二个关键问题是事件方法的关联。在VB和delphi中我们只要双击GUI设计界面中的按钮，一般就会自动实现关联。GTK中做的更加底层，也就更加复杂。首先引入singal信号，通过信号把事件和处理联系起来。抽取Glade文件内容为代码1

代码1

<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;widget class=&quot;GtkButton&quot; id=&quot;btnWrite&quot;&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;property name=&quot;width_request&quot;&gt;60&lt;/property&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;property name=&quot;height_request&quot;&gt;30&lt;/property&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;property name=&quot;visible&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;property name=&quot;can_focus&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;property name=&quot;receives_default&quot;&gt;True&lt;/property&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;property name=&quot;response_id&quot;&gt;0&lt;/property&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;signal name=&quot;clicked&quot; handler=&quot;OnWrite&quot;/&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/widget&gt;<br />

<signal name="clicked" handler="OnWrite"/>就是所谓的信号，但是注意 handler 中的OnWrite还不是最终的方法。

还需要第二步在py文件中__init(self)__方法中使用 res.signal_autoconnect(signal)其中signal是一个字典表示handler和方法的对应关系如：signal = {'OnRead':self.OnRead,'OnWrite':self.OnWrite}

第三主循环的引入，对于窗口程序而言，需要引入主循环，用来等待事件的触发。在gtk中为

gtk.main()

了解了以上三部分内容基本上就可以进行GTK基本的页面开发了，见代码2:。

代码2：

<br />class CardIOForm():<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def __init__(self):<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; res = gtk.glade.XML(&#039;cardio.glade&#039;)<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.win1=res.get_widget(&#039;cardioform&#039;)<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.entryCode=res.get_widget(&#039;entryCode&#039;)<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; signal = {&#039;OnRead&#039;:self.OnRead,&#039;OnWrite&#039;:self.OnWrite,&#039;OnClose&#039;:self.OnClose,&#039;OnWritePwd&#039;:self.OnWritePwd,}<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; res.signal_autoconnect(signal)<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def OnRead(self,widget):<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &quot;读第2扇区&quot;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  pass<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def OnWrite(self,widget):<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &quot;写入编码&quot;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; pass<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def OnWritePwd(self,widget):<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &quot;先写入密码&quot;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  pass<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp;  <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def show(self):<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.win1.show()<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; def OnClose(self,widget):<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; gtk.main_quit()<br /><br /><br /><br />if __name__ == &#039;__main__&#039;:<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; window = CardIOForm()<br /><br />　window.show()<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; gtk.main()<br />

参考文献：

PyGTK 2.0 Reference Manual http://developer.gnome.org/pygtk/stable/ br />PyGTK 2.0 Tutorial(可下载pdf)

mihi

好东西！正是我所需要的。

mihi

板凳观望！

mihi

我明白楼主问的意思。
就是B和AA的关系：是默认就有，还是需要再次添加？
按道理来说应该默认就有的。

mihi

去掉 readonly属性还是不行。
PS
现在搞定了，不是程序问题。
只是以前我对state字段，命名重复了。后来虽说删了，还是影响了。
这次重新建立数据库之后，就搞定了。
谢谢校长

mihi

自认为对workflow还是比较熟。（以前做过）但是这次怎么也不成功，请各位老大帮我看看。
症状是，显示按钮正常（workflow的显示也是正常的），就是点击按钮后，状态不能切换。
py文件中

<br /> &#039;state&#039;:fields.selection([<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (&#039;new&#039;,&#039;新义工&#039;),<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (&#039;normal&#039;,&#039;正式义工&#039;),<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (&#039;advanced&#039;,&#039;高级义工&#039;)],&#039;义工级别&#039;,readonly=True,select=True),<br />

workflow.xml

<br />&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;<br />&lt;openerp&gt;<br />	&lt;data&gt;<br />	&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;record id=&quot;aflsyg_volunteer_workflow&quot; model=&quot;workflow&quot;&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;aflsyg.volunteer.workflow&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;osv&quot;&gt;aflsyg.volunteer&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;on_create&quot;&gt;True&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/record&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;record id=&quot;act_volunteer_new&quot; model=&quot;workflow.activity&quot;&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;wkf_id&quot; ref=&quot;aflsyg_volunteer_workflow&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;flow_start&quot;&gt;True&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;new&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;kind&quot;&gt;function&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;action&quot;&gt;write({&#039;state&#039;:&#039;new&#039;})&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/record&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp;  <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;record id=&quot;act_volunteer_normal&quot; model=&quot;workflow.activity&quot;&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;wkf_id&quot; ref=&quot;aflsyg_volunteer_workflow&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;normal&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	 &lt;field name=&quot;kind&quot;&gt;function&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &lt;field name=&quot;action&quot;&gt;write({&#039;state&#039;:&#039;normal&#039;})&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/record&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;record id=&quot;act_volunteer_advanced&quot; model=&quot;workflow.activity&quot;&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;wkf_id&quot; ref=&quot;aflsyg_volunteer_workflow&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	&lt;field name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;advance&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 	 &lt;field name=&quot;kind&quot;&gt;function&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &lt;field name=&quot;action&quot;&gt;write({&#039;state&#039;:&#039;advanced&#039;})&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  &lt;field name=&quot;flow_stop&quot;&gt;True&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/record&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  <br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;record id=&quot;trans_new_normal&quot; model=&quot;workflow.transition&quot;&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;act_from&quot; ref=&quot;act_volunteer_new&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;act_to&quot; ref=&quot;act_volunteer_normal&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;signal&quot;&gt;be_normal&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/record&gt;<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;record id=&quot;trans_normal_advanced&quot; model=&quot;workflow.transition&quot;&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;act_from&quot; ref=&quot;act_volunteer_normal&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;act_to&quot; ref=&quot;act_volunteer_advanced&quot;/&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;field name=&quot;signal&quot;&gt;be_advanced&lt;/field&gt;<br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;/record&gt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;!--&nbsp; --&gt;<br />	&lt;/data&gt;<br />&lt;/openerp&gt;

view.xml中

<br />	&lt;button name=&quot;be_normal&quot; string=&quot;晋升为正式义工&quot; states=&quot;new&quot; icon=&quot;gtk-convert&quot;/&gt;<br />	&lt;button name=&quot;be_advanced&quot; string=&quot;晋升为高级义工&quot; states=&quot;normal&quot; icon=&quot;gtk-convert&quot;/&gt;<br />

mihi

在仔细看了老肖的新作OpenERP对象定义详解http://shine-it.net/index.php/topic,2159.0.html
之后我基本上有了思路：
1：管理上还是使用OE客户端。
2：另外开发一个客户端调用读卡器驱动，同时通过xmlRPC调用OE Server服务把数据写进。

mihi

再次感谢老肖。
技术好，文笔好，人品还好！
不容易！

mihi

@mihi

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